Self evaluation

In my most recent assessment I feel as though I have done well however although I feel as though in order to get better I need to improve on my strength of argument and support it more with AO1 language levels. also I think I should create more of a balances argument and improve on my level of knowledge on theorists and give a strong and clear opinion at the start and throughout my essay in my next evaluative essay.

Print Advert Analysis

Analysis of print advert

The purpose of this advert is to warn those who drink and drive to stop and it does this by using an imperative sentence 'stop the violence, don't drink and drive' this impacts those who read it as it is telling you to do it rather than asking or warning. the advert uses very little lexis as the focus is on how the ad looks and how it will impact those who see it, this is done by the black background which makes the picture of the man and fist with cars drawn on more as there is colour there. this would make it more eye catching as the colours stand out more on the black background. this advert also uses non standard capitulation in order to emphasise the message being relayed from the text as the words 'stop' and 'violence' are both capitalised as they are the main focus of the advert as well as to stop drinking and driving which is written in red text in order to help it stand out more. 

Eakins and Eakins - 1976
In seven university faculty meetings, the men spoke for longer. the men's turns ranged from 10.66 to 17.07 seconds, the women's from 3 to 10 seconds.


Edelsky - 1981
In a series of meetings of a university department faculty committee, men took more and longer turns and did more and longer turns and did more joking, arguing, directing and soliciting of responses during the more structured segments of meetings. During the 'free-for'all' parts of the meetings, women and men talked equally, and women joked, argued, directed, and solicited responses more than men.


Herbert & Straight - 1989
Compliments tend to flow from those of a higher rank to those of a lower rank.


Herring - 1992
In an email discussion which took place on a linguistiucs 'distribution list', five women and 30 men took part, even though women make up nearly half the members of the Linguistic Society of America and nearly 36% of subscribers to the list. Men's messages were twice as long, on average,as women's.
Women tended to use  a personal voice, e.g 'I am intrigued by your comment....'. The tone adopted by the men who dominated the discussion was assertive: 'it is obvious that..'.


Holmes - 1998
Women managers seem to be more likely to negotiate consensus than male managers, they are less likely to just 'plough through the agenda', taking time to make sure everyone genuinely agrees with what's been decided.


Holmes (2005), Holmes and Marra (2002)
Contrary to popular belief, women use just as much humour as men, and use it for the same functions, to control discourse and subordinates and to contest superiors, although they are more likely to encourage supportive and collaborative humour.


Hornyack- 1994 
The shift from work talk to personal talk is always initiated by the highest- ranking person in the room.

Tracy and Eisenberg-1990/91
When role-playing delivering criticism to a co-worker about errors in a business letter, men showed more concern for the feelings of the person they were criticizing when in the subordinate role, while women showed more concern when in the superior role.

Norman Fairclough

Fairclough theory synthetic personalisation is where the producers attempt to gain a manufactured relationship with their consumers. Fairclough describes adverts as being dialogic by constructing a 'product image' that helps and pushes to position the receiver as a potential consumer. Adverts use synthetic personalisation as the producer doesn't come into contact with the consumer. This theory includes other ideas such as

• Power behind discourse is concerned with the organisation of institutions and the effect of these on language. 
• Power in discourse is concerned with situations where relationships are set up and enacted. 
• Critical discourse analysis is a type of analytical discourse that studies the way that power, dominance and inequality are enacted and reproduced.

CDA follows certain rules which include:

• Power relations are discursive
• Discourse is ideological & constitutes society and culture. 
• Discourse is historical and a form of social action. 
• The analysis of discourse is interperitive and explanatory. 

Erving Goffman

Erving Goffman

Erving Goffman developed a theory known as the face theory where an individual has a positive and negative face. 

-       Positive face – associated with the feelings of being valued and appreciated 

-       Negative face – associated with the feelings of not being imposed upon and independence

During any encounter or conversation between two individuals, the two individuals involved will have a certain face and will perform actions in order to maintain and not threaten the other individuals face. For example when at a bus stop with an elderly lady an individual may have to be involved in small talk and to not threaten the face of the elderly lady this individual although not willingly will participate in the small talk. However in a casual talk with friends the individuals involved will not be as considerate towars the other faces as they are less bothered about threating their positive face and are more inclined to be insulting as they are with a group of friends.

Paul Grice

Paul Grice – Grice’s Maxims

Paul Grice developed a theory of the cooperative principle which consists of 4 maxims, these 4 maxims are: 

-       The maxim of quantity, where one tries to be as informative as one possibly can, and gives as much information as is needed, and no more.

-       The maxim of quality, where one tries to be truthful, and does not give information that is false or that is not supported by evidence.

-       The maxim of relation, where one tries to be relevant, and says things that are pertinent to the discussion.

-       The maxim of manner, when one tries to be as clear, as brief, and as orderly as one can in what one says, and where one avoids obscurity and ambiguity.

These maxims according to Grice should be followed in every conversation however there can be overlaps during conversations and there may be situations where these maxims do not get followed due to the context and situation of the conversation.

William Labov

William Labov 

William Labov developed a structure known as narrative categories which has 6 categories:

-       Abstract – the indication that the narrative is starting.

-       Orientation – the what, where, when and why of the narrative.

-       Completing action – the main body of the narrative.

-       Resolution – the final events of the narrative.

-       Evaluation (internal/external) – additions and highlights to the narrative which also gives attitudes.

-       Lada – a sign to show the narrative is over and may include a return to reality e.g. ‘back to work now’.

Bachelor origin

Bachelor
The first meaning of the word bachelor was related to war and being a young knight who is not old enough, this was first spoken in 1297. at this time it as spelt as 'bachelir'.
in 1936 the meaning had changed to 'One who has taken the first or lowest degree at a university, who is not yet a master of the Arts' whilst the more modern meaning of the word relates to the definition '
in 1938 it had a change in meaning and spelling again it was spelt as 'bachilers' and now meant an unmarried man, this shows the word had slowly been an extension in the word. One of the more modern meanings to relate a bachelor to an attractive un-married male who has a lot of female interest and has a 'bachelor pad' in the city where he invites females.


Slag
The first meaning of the word slag was that it was 'A piece of refuse matter separated from a metal in the process of smelting.' this was spoken first in 1552.